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Birth:          ABT 1020 
Death:          1072 

Notes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes
Romanos IV Diogenes (Greek: ??µa??? ?' ????????, Romanós IV Diogénes), also 
known as Romanus IV, was a member of the Byzantine military aristocracy who, after 
his marriage to the widowed empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, was crowned 
Byzantine emperor and reigned from 1068 to 1071. During his reign he was determined 
to halt the decline of the Byzantine military and to stop Turkish incursions into the 
Byzantine Empire, but in 1071 he was captured and his army routed at the Battle of 
Manzikert. While still captive he was overthrown in a palace coup, and when released 
he was quickly defeated and detained by members of the Doukas family. In 1072, he 
was blinded and sent to a monastery, where he died of his wounds.
Accession to the throne[edit]

Romanos Diogenes was the son of Constantine Diogenes (died 1032) and a member of 
a prominent and powerful Cappadocian family,[1] connected by birth to most of the 
great aristocratic nobles in Asia Minor.[2] His mother was a daughter of Basil Argyros, 
brother of the emperor Romanos III.[3] Courageous and generous, but also impetuous, 
Romanos rose with distinction in the army due to his military talents, and he served on 
the Danubian frontier.[4] However, he was eventually convicted of attempting to usurp 
the throne of the sons of Constantine X Doukas in 1067.[1] While waiting to receive 
his sentence from the regent Eudokia Makrembolitissa, he was summoned into her 
presence and advised that she had pardoned him and that she had furthermore 
chosen him to be her husband and the guardian of her sons as emperor.[5] She took 
this course of action primarily due to her concern that unless she managed to find a 
powerful husband, she could easily lose the regency to any unscrupulous noble, and 
also because she was infatuated with the popular Romanos.[1] Her decision was met 
with little protest as the Seljuk Turks had overrun much of Cappadocia and had even 
taken the important city of Caesarea, meaning that the army needed to be placed 
under the command of an able and energetic general.[2]

The problem Romanos and Eudokia had in executing this plan was that Eudokia's 
deceased husband, Constantine X, had made her swear an oath never to remarry.[6] 
She approached the Patriarch John Xiphilinos and convinced him both to hand over 
the written oath she had signed to this effect, and to have him pronounce that he was 
in favour of a second marriage for the good of the state.[1] The Senate agreed, and 
on January 1, 1068 Romanos married the empress and was crowned Emperor of the 
Romans.[1]

Campaigns against the Turks[edit]

Romanos IV was now the senior emperor and guardian of his stepsons and junior co-
emperors, Michael VII, Konstantios Doukas, and Andronikos Doukas.[7] However, his 
elevation had antagonised not only the Doukas family,[8] in particular the Caesar, 
John Doukas who led the opposition of the palace officials to Romanos' authority, but 
also the Varangian Guard, who openly expressed their discontent at the marriage of 
Eudokia.[9] Romanos therefore decided that he could only exercise his authority by 
placing himself at the head of the army in the field, thereby focusing the whole 
government's attention on the war against the Turks.[9]

By 1067, the Turks had been making incursions at will into Mesopotamia, Melitene, 
Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia, culminating with the sack of Caesarea and the 
plundering of the Church of St Basil.[10] That winter they camped on the frontiers of 
the empire and waited for the next year's campaigning season. Romanos was 
confident of Byzantine superiority on the field of battle, looking on the Turks as little 
more than hordes of robbers who would melt away at the first encounter.[11] He did 
not take into account the degraded state of the Byzantine forces,[11] which had 
suffered years of neglect from his predecessors, in particular Constantine X. His 
forces, mostly composed of Sclavonian, Armenian, Bulgarian, and Frankish 
mercenaries, were ill-disciplined, disorganised, and uncoordinated, and he was not 
prepared to spend time in upgrading the arms, armour, or tactics of the once-feared 
Byzantine army.[12] It was soon evident that while Romanos possessed military talent, 
his impetuosity was a serious flaw.[8]

Campaign of 1068[edit]

The first military operations of Romanos did achieve a measure of success, reinforcing 
his opinions about the outcome of the war. Antioch was exposed to the Saracens of 
Aleppo who, with help from Turkish troops, began an attempt to reconquer the 
Byzantine province of Syria.[13] Romanos began marching to the southeastern frontier 
of the empire to deal with this threat, but as he was advancing towards Lykandos, he 
received word that a Seljuk army had made an incursion into Pontus and had 
plundered Neocaesarea.[14] Immediately he selected a small mobile force and quickly 
raced through Sebaste and the mountains of Tephrike to encounter the Turks on the 
road, forcing them to abandon their plunder and release their prisoners, though a large 
number of the Turkish troops managed to escape.[14]

Returning south, Romanos rejoined the main army, and they continued their advance 
through the passes of Mount Taurus to the north of Germanicia and proceeded to 
invade the Emirate of Aleppo.[14] Romanos captured Hierapolis, which he fortified to 
provide protection against further incursions into the south-eastern provinces of the 
empire.[12] He then engaged in further fighting against the Saracens of Aleppo, but 
neither side managed a decisive victory.[14] With the campaigning season reaching 
its end, Romanos returned north via Alexandretta and the Cilician Gates to Podandos. 
Here he was advised of another Seljuk raid into Asia Minor in which they sacked 
Amorium but returned to their base so fast that Romanos was in no position to give 
chase. He eventually reached Constantinople by January 1069.[14]

Campaign of 1069[edit]

Plans for the following year's campaigning were initially thrown into chaos by a 
rebellion by one of Romanos' Norman mercenaries, Robert Crispin, who led a 
contingent of Frankish troops in the pay of the empire. Possibly due to Romanos not 
paying them on time,[16] they began plundering the countryside near where they were 
stationed at Edessa, and attacking the imperial tax collectors. Although Crispin was 
captured and exiled to Abydos, the Franks continued to ravage the Armeniac Theme 
for some time.[16] In the meantime, the land around Caesarea was again overrun by 
the Turks, forcing Romanos to spend precious time and energy in expelling the Turks 
from Cappadocia.[16] Desperate to begin his campaign proper, he ordered the 
execution of all prisoners, even a Seljuk chieftain who offered to pay an immense 
ransom for his life.[16] Having brought a measure of peace to the province, Romanos 
marched towards the Euphrates via Melitene, and crossed the river at Romanopolis, 
hoping to take Akhlat on Lake Van and thus protect the Armenian frontier.[16]

Romanos placed himself at the head of a substantial body of troops and began his 
march towards Akhlat, leaving the bulk of the army under the command of Philaretos 
Brachamios with orders to defend the Mesopotamian frontier.[16] Philaretos was soon 
defeated by the Turks, whose sack of Iconium[4] forced Romanos to abandon his 
plans and return to Sebaste. He sent orders to the Dux of Antioch to secure the 
passes at Mopsuestia, while he attempted to run down the Turks at Heracleia.[16] The 
Turks were soon hemmed in in the mountains of Cilicia, but they managed to escape 
to Aleppo after abandoning their plunder. Romanos once again returned to 
Constantinople without the great victory he was hoping for.[16]

Affairs at Constantinople[edit]

Romanos was detained at Constantinople[12] in 1070, while he dealt with many 
outstanding administrative issues, including the imminent fall of Bari into Norman 
hands. They had been besieging it since 1068, but it had taken Romanos two years to 
respond.[17] He ordered a relief fleet to set sail, containing sufficient provisions and 
troops to enable them to hold out for much longer. The fleet was intercepted, 
however, and defeated by a Norman squadron under the command of Roger, the 
younger brother of Robert Guiscard,[17] forcing the final remaining outpost of 
Byzantine authority in Italy to surrender on 15 April 1071.[18]

Meanwhile, Romanos was undertaking a number of unpopular reforms at home.[12] He 
reduced a great deal of unnecessary public expenditure on court ceremonials and 
beautifying the capital.[19] He reduced the public salaries paid to much of the court 
nobility, as well as reducing the profits of tradesmen. His preoccupation with the 
military had also made him unpopular with the provincial governors and the military 
hierarchy, as he was determined to ensure they could not abuse their positions, 
especially through corrupt practices.[19] He incurred the displeasure of the 
mercenaries by enforcing much needed discipline. Romanos was also deeply 
unpopular with the common people, as he neglected to entertain them with games at 
the hippodrome, nor did he alleviate the burdens of the peasants in the provinces.[19] 
All this animosity would help his enemies when the time came that they moved against 
him.

Nevertheless, he did not forget his principal target, the Turks. Being unable to go on 
campaign himself,[12] he entrusted the imperial army to one of his generals, Manuel 
Komnenos, nephew of the former emperor Isaac I, and elder brother to the future 
emperor Alexios.[20] He managed to engage the Turks in battle, but was defeated and 
taken prisoner by a Turkish general named Khroudj. Manuel convinced Khroudj to go 
to Constantinople and see Romanos in person to conclude an alliance, which was 
soon completed.[20] This act motivated the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan to attack the 
Byzantine Empire, besieging and capturing the important Byzantine fortresses of 
Manzikert and Archesh.[21] Romanos, in return, offered to officially exchange 
Manzikert and Archesh for Hieropolis in Syria, which Romanos had taken three years 
previously.[21]

Main article: Battle of Manzikert

Early in the spring of 1071, whilst conducting negotiations with Alp Arslan over 
Manzikert,[21] Romanos marched at the head of a large army with the intent of 
recovering the fortress.[22] It was soon evident that the army had a serious discipline 
problem, with soldiers regularly pillaging the area around their nightly camps. When 
Romanos attempted to enforce some stricter discipline, a whole regiment of German 
mercenaries mutinied, which the emperor only managed to control with the greatest 
difficulty.[23]

Believing that Alp Arslan was nowhere near Manzikert, he decided to divide his army. 
One part of the army he dispatched to attack Akhlat, at that time in possession of the 
Turks.[24] Romanos himself advanced with the main body of the army on Manzikert, 
which he soon recaptured.[24] At this point his advance guard met the Seljuk army, 
which was rapidly approaching Manzikert. Romanos ordered the forces attacking 
Akhlat to rejoin the army, but their portion of the army unexpectedly came across 
another large Turkish army, forcing them to retreat back into Mesopotamia.[24] 
Already under strength, Romanos' army was further weakened when his Uzes 
mercenaries deserted to the Turks.[25]

Arslan had no desire to take on the Byzantine army, so he proposed a peace treaty 
with favourable terms for Romanos.[25] The emperor, eager for a decisive military 
victory, rejected the offer, and both armies lined up for a battle, which took place on 
August 26, 1071.[26] The battle lasted all day without either side gaining any decisive 
advantage, until the emperor ordered a part of his centre to return to camp. The order 
was misunderstood by the right wing,[27] however, and Andronikos Doukas, who 
commanded the reserves, and was the son of Caesar John Doukas, took advantage of 
the confusion to betray Romanos. Claiming that Romanos was dead, he marched away 
from the battle with some 30,000 men, instead of covering the emperor's retreat.[28] 
The Turks now began to press in on the Byzantine army.

When Romanos discovered what had happened, he tried to recover the situation by 
making a defiant stand. He fought on valiantly after his horse was killed under him, 
but he received a wound in the hand, which prevented him from wielding a sword, and 
he was soon taken prisoner.[29]

According to a number of Byzantine historians, including John Skylitzes, Arslan at first 
had difficulty believing the dusty and tattered warrior brought before him was the 
Roman Emperor.[30] He then stepped down from his seat and placed his foot on 
Romanos' neck.[31] After this sign of ritual humiliation, however, Arslan raised 
Romanos from the ground and ordered him to be treated like a king. From then on he 
treated him with extreme kindness, never saying a cruel word to him during the 
Emperor's eight-day stay in his camp.[31] He then released the Emperor in exchange 
for a treaty and the promise of a hefty ransom. At first Alp Arslan suggested a ransom 
of 10,000,000 nomismata to Romanos IV, but he later reduced it to 1,500,000 
nomismata, with a further 360,000 nomismata annually.[19]

Betrayal[edit]

In the meantime, the opposition faction scheming against Romanos IV decided to 
exploit the situation. The Caesar John Doukas and Michael Psellos forced Eudokia to 
retire to a monastery, and they prevailed upon Michael VII to declare Romanos IV 
deposed.[18] They then refused to honor the agreement made between Arslan and the 
former emperor.[32] Romanos soon returned, and he and the Doukas family gathered 
troops. A battle was fought at Dokeia between Constantine and Andronikos Doukas 
and Romanos, in which the army of Romanos was defeated,[8] forcing him to retreat to 
the fortress of Tyropoion, and from there to Adana in Cilicia. Pursued by Andronikos, 
he was eventually forced to surrender by the garrison at Adana upon receiving 
assurances of his personal safety.[33] Before leaving the fortress, he collected all the 
money he could lay his hands on and sent it to the Sultan as proof of his good faith, 
along with a message: "As emperor, I promised you a ransom of a million and a half. 
Dethroned, and about to become dependent upon others, I send you all I possess as 
proof of my gratitude".[34]

Andronikos stipulated that his life would be spared if he resigned the purple and 
retired into a monastery. Romanos agreed, and this agreement was ratified at 
Constantinople.[34] However, John Doukas reneged on the agreement and sent men 
to have Romanos cruelly blinded on 29 June 1072, before sending him into exile to 
Prote in the Sea of Marmara. Without medical assistance, his wound became infected, 
and he soon endured a painfully lingering death.[8] The final insult was given a few 
days before his death, when Romanos received a letter from Michael Psellos, 
congratulating him on the loss of his eyes.[35] He finally died, praying for the 
forgiveness of his sins, and his wife Eudokia was permitted to honor his remains with a 
magnificent funeral.[34]

Family[edit]

By his first wife, an unnamed daughter of Alusian of Bulgaria, Romanos IV Diogenes 
had at least one son:
Constantine Diogenes, who was married to Theodora, sister of Alexios I Komnenos.
[36] This marriage was arranged by Anna Dalassena after the death of Romanos IV,
[37] but it was short-lived, as Constantine perished under the walls of Antioch in 1073 
while serving with his brother-in-law Isaac Komnenos.[38]

By his second wife, the Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, he had:
Leo Diogenes – born in 1069, and according to Anna Comnena was made co-emperor 
during his father's reign.[39] In the reign of Alexius I, he was taken into the imperial 
palace and given various high commands. He died in Alexius's campaigns against the 
Pechenegs in 1087.[8]
Nikephoros Diogenes – born in 1070.

Parents
DIOGENES Constantine (ABT  985 - 1032)
----- ----- ()

Siblings
DIOGENES Romanos IV (ABT 1020 - 1072)

Marriage To ----- ----- ()
    m.  

Notes

Parents
OF BULGARIA Alusian (ABT  990 - )
----- ----- ()

Children by ----- ----- 
DIOGENES Konstantios (ABT 1050 - 1074)

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