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Birth:          1 Dec 1081 Paris, France
Death:          1 Aug 1137 Chateau de Bathizy, Paris, France
Cause of Death: dysentry
Burial:         St. Denis, Paris, France

Notes
a Crusader
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France
Louis VI (1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137), called the Fat (French: le Gros), was 
King of the Franks from 1108 until his death (1137). Chronicles called him "roi de 
Saint-Denis".

Louis was the first member of the House of Capet to make a lasting contribution to the 
centralizing institutions of royal power,[1] He spent almost all of his twenty-nine-year 
reign fighting either the "robber barons" who plagued Paris[2] or the Norman kings of 
England for their continental possession of Normandy. Nonetheless, Louis VI managed 
to reinforce his power considerably and became one of the first strong kings of France 
since the division of the Carolingian Empire in 843.

Louis was a warrior king but by his forties his weight had become so great that it was 
increasingly difficult for him to lead in the field. A biography - The Deeds of Louis the 
Fat, prepared by his loyal advisor Abbot Suger of Saint Denis - offers a fully developed 
portrait of his character, in contrast to what little historians know about most of his 
predecessors.
Early life[edit]

Louis was born on 1 December 1081 in Paris, the son of Philip I and Bertha of 
Holland.[3]

Suger tells us: "In his youth, growing courage matured his spirit with youthful vigour, 
making him bored with hunting and the boyish games with which others of his age 
used to enjoy themselves and forget the pursuit of arms." And..."How valiant he was 
in youth, and with what energy he repelled the king of the English, William Rufus, 
when he attacked Louis' inherited kingdom."[4]

Louis married Lucienne de Rochefort, a French crown princess, in 1104, but 
repudiated her three years later. They had no children.

On 3 August 1115 Louis married Adelaide of Maurienne, daughter of Humbert II of 
Savoy and of Gisela of Burgundy, and niece of Pope Callixtus II. They had eight 
children. Adelaide was one of the most politically active of all France's medieval 
queens. Her name appears on 45 royal charters from the reign of Louis VI. During her 
time as queen (1115-1137), royal charters were dated with both her regnal year and 
that of the king.

Suger became Louis's adviser even before he succeeded his father as king at the age 
of 26 on 29 July 1108. Louis's half-brother prevented him from reaching Rheims, and 
so Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens, crowned him in the cathedral of Orléans on 3 
August.[5] Ralph the Green, Archbishop of Rheims, sent envoys to challenge the 
validity of the coronation and anointing, but to no avail.[5]

Challenges to royal authority

When Louis ascended the throne the Kingdom of France was a collection of feudal 
principalities. Beyond the Isle de France the French Kings had little authority over the 
great Dukes and Counts of the realm but slowly Louis began to change this and assert 
Capetian rights. This process would take two centuries to complete but began in the 
reign of Louis VI.

The second great challenge facing Louis was to counter the rising power of the 
Anglo-Normans under their capable new King, Henry I of England.

Struggles with the robber barons

From early in his reign (and during his father's reign) Louis faced the problem of the 
robber barons who resisted the King's authority and engaged in brigandry, making the 
area around Paris unsafe.

From their castles, such as Le Puiset, Chateaufort, and Montlhery, these barons would 
charge tolls, waylay merchants and pilgrims, terrorize the peasantry and loot churches 
and abbeys, the latter deeds drawing the ire of the writers of the day, who were mostly 
clerics.

In 1108, soon after he ascended the throne, Louis engaged in war with Hugh of 
Crecy, who was plaguing the countryside and had captured Eudes, Count of Corbeil, 
and imprisoned him at La Ferte-Alais. Louis besieged that fortress to free Eudes.[6]

In early 1109, Louis besieged his half-brother, Philip, the son of Bertrade de Montfort, 
who was involved in brigandry and conspiracies against the King, at Mantes-la-Jolie.
[6] Philip's plots included the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III of Montfort held 
many castles which, when linked together, formed a continuous barrier between Louis 
and vast swathes of his domains, threatening all communication south of Paris.[6]

In 1108-1109 a seigneur named Aymon Vaire-Vache seized the lordship of Bourbon 
from his nephew, Archambaud, a minor. Louis demanded the boy be restored to his 
rights but Aymon refused the summons. Louis raised his army and besieged Aymon at 
his castle at Germigny-sur-l'Aubois, forcing its surrender and enforcing the rights of 
Archambaud.[7]

In 1122, Aimeri, Bishop of Clermont, appealed to Louis after William VI, Count of 
Auvergne, had driven him from his episcopal town. When William refused Louis' 
summons, Louis raised an army at Bourges, and marched into Auvergne, supported by 
some of his leading vassals, such as the Counts of Anjou, Brittany, and Nevers. Louis 
seized the fortress of Pont-du-Chateau on the Allier, then attacked Clermont, which 
William was forced to abandon. Aimeri was restored. Four years later William rebelled 
again and Louis, though his increasing weight made campaigning difficult, marched 
again. He burned Montferrand and seized Clermont a second time, captured William, 
and brought him before the court at Orleans to answer for his crimes.[7]

Some of the outlaws became notorious for their cruelty, the most notable being 
Thomas, Lord of Coucy, who was reputed to indulge in torture of his victims, including 
hanging men by their testicles, cutting out eyes, and chopping off feet. Guibert of 
Nogent noted of him, "No one can imagine the number of those who perished in his 
dungeons, from starvation, from torture, from filth."[8]

Another notable brigand was Hugh, Lord of Le Puiset, who was ravaging the lands 
around Chartres. In March 1111,[9] Louis heard charges against Hugh at his court at 
Melun from Theobald II, Count of Champagne, the Archbishop of Sens, and also from 
bishops and abbots. Louis commanded Hugh to appear before him to answer these 
charges, but Hugh evaded the summons. Louis stripped him of his lands and titles and 
laid siege to Le Puiset. After a fierce struggle, Louis took the castle and burned it to 
the ground, taking Hugh prisoner.

Rashly, Louis released Hugh, and while Louis was engaged in war with Henry I of 
England and Theobald, Hugh raised another band of brigands and began ravaging the 
country again. When Louis returned his attention to Hugh, he found Le Puiset rebuilt 
and Hugh receiving aid from Theobald. Hugh held out against the King until Theobald 
abandoned him. Once again Louis razed Le Puiset and Hugh, who had sworn never to 
return to his brigandage, rebuilt the castle and resumed terrorizing his neighbours. At 
the third attempt, Louis finally defeated Hugh and stripped him of his possessions for 
the last time. Hugh later died on an expiatory pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[10]

These were just some of the recalcitrant nobles Louis was forced to contend with. 
There were many more, and Louis was in constant motion against them, leading his 
army from castle to castle, bringing law and order to his domains. The result was 
increased recognition of the King's authority and the Crown's ability to impose its will, 
so that all sectors of French society began to see the King as their protector.
War with Henry I over Gisors[edit]


 


 Motte and castle at Gisors.
After seizing the English Crown, Henry I of England deprived his brother, Robert 
Curthose, of the Duchy of Normandy and quickly took possession of the castle at 
Gisors, a fortress of strategic importance on the right bank of the Epte, commanding 
the road between Rouen and Paris. This violated an earlier agreement between Henry 
and the French King that Gisors should remain in the hands of a neutral castellan, or 
else be demolished.

This move threatened the Capetian domain and Louis was outraged, demanding 
Henry, as his vassal, appear before him to account for his actions. The two kings met, 
in force, in March 1109[11] at the borders of their respective territories at the bridge 
of Neauphle on the Epte.[11] Henry refused to relinquish Gisors. Louis challenged the 
English King to single combat to settle the issue. When Henry refused, war was 
inevitable, a war which would last, on and off, for twenty years.

The first years of the war went well for Louis until the influential Theobald II, Count of 
Champagne, switched to Henry's side. By early 1112[11] Theobald had succeeded in 
bringing together a coalition of barons with grievances against Louis: Lancelin of 
Bulles,[11] Ralph of Beaugency,[11] Milo of Bray-sur-Seine,[11] Hugh of Crecy,[11] 
Guy of Rochfort,[11] Hugh of Le Puiset[11] and Hugh, Count of Troyes.[11]

Louis defeated Theobald's coalition but the additional effort meant he could not 
defeat the English monarch as well or force him to abandon Gisors, and in March 
1113[11] Louis was forced to sign a treaty recognizing Henry I as suzerain of Brittany 
and Maine. Peace of sorts lasted three years until April 1116[11] when hostilities 
renewed in the French and Norman Vexins, with each king making gains from his rival.

By 1119, buoyed by several successes and the capture (through treachery) of Les 
Andelys, Louis felt ready for a final encounter to end the war. In the fierce Battle of 
Bremule, in August 1119,[11] Louis's troops broke and routed, abandoning the royal 
banner and sweeping the King along with them in retreat to Les Andelys. A counter-
attack through Evreaux to seize Breteuil failed and Louis, health failing, looked for 
peace.

He appealed to Pope Calixtus II, who agreed to help and met with Henry at Gisors in 
November 1120.[11] The terms of the peace included Henry's heir, William Adelin, 
doing homage to Louis for Normandy, a return of all territories captured by both kings 
with the painful exception of Gisors itself, which Louis was forced to concede to 
Henry.

Intervention in Flanders[edit]
.
On 2 March 1127, the Count of Flanders, Charles the Good, was assassinated in St. 
Donatian's Cathedral at Bruges. It was a scandal in itself but made worse because 
Charles had no heir.

Soon a variety of claimants were abroad, including William of Ypres, son of Charles's 
uncle and popularly thought to be complicit in the murder, Thierry of Alsace, the son 
of Gertrude of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine, Arnold of Denmark, nephew of Charles 
the Good, who seized Saint-Omer. Baldwin, Count of Hainault, who seized Oudenarde, 
and Godfrey I, Count of Louvain and Duke of Brabant.[12]

Louis had his own candidate in mind and marched into Flanders with an army and 
urged the barons to elect William Clito, son of Robert Curthose, who had been 
disinherited of Normandy by his uncle Henry I of England, as their new Count. He had 
no better claim to Flanders than being the King's candidate but on 23 March 1127 he 
was elected Count by the Flemings.[12]

Louis then moved decisively to secure Flanders, apprehending the murderers of 
Charles the Good and ousting the rival claimants. On 2 April he took Ghent, on 5 April 
Bruges, on 26 April he took Ypres, capturing William of Ypres and imprisoning him at 
Lille. He then quickly took Aire, Cassel and all the towns still loyal to William of 
Ypres.[12]

Louis's final act before leaving for France was to witness the execution of Charles the 
Good's murderers. They were hurled from the roof of the church of Saint Donatian 
where they had committed their crime.[12]

It was a triumph for Louis and demonstrated how far the Crown had come under his 
leadership, but it was a brief triumph. The new young Count William Clito fared badly, 
relying on heavy handed feudal ways not suited to the more socially advanced and 
mercantile Flemings. William's knights ran amok and the Flemings rebelled against 
Louis's candidate. Ghent and Bruge appealed to Thierry of Alsace and Saint-Omer to 
Arnold of Denmark.[12]

Louis attempted to intervene again but the moment was gone. The people of Bruge 
rejected him and recognized Thierry of Alsace as their Count, and he quickly moved to 
enforce his claim. Louis called a great assembly at Arras and had Thierry 
excommunicated but it was a gesture. Louis abandoned William of Clito, who died 
during a siege at Alost on 27 July 1128, and after the whole country finally submitted 
to Thierry, Louis was obliged to confirm his claim.[12]

Invasion of Henry V[edit]

On 25 November 1120, Louis' fortunes against Henry I of England were raised when 
Henry's heir, William Adelin, drunkenly perished aboard the White Ship en route from 
Normandy to England, putting the future of Henry's dynasty and his position in doubt.

By 1123 Louis was involved with a coalition of Norman and French seigneurs opposed 
to Henry. The plan was to drive the English King from Normandy and replace him with 
William Clito. Henry, however, easily defeated this coalition then instigated his son-in-
law, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, to invade France.[13]

Henry V had married the Empress Matilda, the English King's daughter and the future 
mother of Henry II of England, 9 years earlier, in hopes of creating an Anglo-German 
empire, though the couple remained childless. Like Louis, Henry V had designs on the 
Low Countries and an invasion of Northern France would enable him to strengthen his 
ambitions in Flanders, as well as support his father-in-law.

Thus in 1124, Henry V assembled an army to march on Rheims.[13] It never arrived. In 
testament to how far Louis had risen as national protector, all of France rose to his 
appeal against the threat. Henry V was unwilling to see the French barons united 
behind their King, who now identified himself as the vassal of St Denis, the patron 
saint of Paris, whose banner he now carried,[14] and the proposed invasion was 
abandoned.

Henry V died a year after the aborted campaign.

Alliance of the Anglo-Normans and Anjou[edit]

In 1128 Henry I married his sole surviving legitimate child, the dowager Empress 
Matilda, to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. This was a very dangerous alliance 
for Louis and would prove so during the reign of his successor, Louis VII of France.

Final years[edit]

As Louis VI approached his end, there seemed to be reasons for optimism. Henry I of 
England had died on 1 December 1135 and Stephen of Blois had seized the English 
crown, reneging on the oath he had sworn to Henry I to support Matilda. Stephen was 
thus in no position to bring the combined Anglo-Norman might against the French 
crown.

Louis had also made great strides in exercising his royal authority over his barons, and 
even Theobald II had finally rallied to the Capetian cause.[13]

Finally, on 9 April 1137, a dying William X, Duke of Aquitaine appointed Louis VI 
guardian of his fifteen-year-old daughter and heiress, Eleanor of Aquitaine.[15] 
Eleanor was suddenly the most eligible heiress in Europe, and Louis wasted no time in 
marrying her to his own heir, the future Louis VII, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in 
Bordeaux on 25 July 1137.[15] At a stroke Louis had added one of the most powerful 
duchies in France to the Capetian domains.

Louis died of dysentry 7 days later, on 1 August 1137. Despite his achievements, it 
would be the growing power of the soon to be Angevin Empire that would come to 
overshadow his successor, its seeds sown in the marriage between the Empress 
Matilda and Geoffrey Plantagenet and realised through their son, Henry II of England.

Louis VI was interred in the Basilica of St Denis in Paris.

Marriages and children[edit]

He married in 1104: 1) Lucienne de Rochefort — the marriage was annulled on 23 May 
1107 at the Council of Troyes by Pope Paschal II.[16]

He married in 1115: 2) Adélaide de Maurienne (1092–1154)[16]
Their children: 1.Philip (29 August 1116 – 13 October 1131), King of France (1129–31), 
not to be confused with his brother of the same name; he died as a result of a fall from 
a horse.
2.Louis VII (1120 – 18 September 1180), King of France.
3.Henry (1121 – 13 November 1175), Archbishop of Reims.
4.Hugues (ca 1122 – died young).
5.Robert (ca 1123 – 11 October 1188), count of Dreux.
6.Peter[17] (September 1126 – 10 April 1183), married Elizabeth, Lady of Courtenay.
[18]
7.Constance (ca 1128 – 16 August 1176), married first Eustace IV, count of Boulogne, 
and then Raymond V of Toulouse.
8.Philip (ca 1132/33 -1161), Archdeacon of Paris, not to be confused with his elder 
brother.


With Marie de Breuillet, daughter of Renaud de Breuillet de Dourdan,[19] Louis VI was 
the father of a daughter:
Isabelle (ca 1105 – before 1175), married (ca. 1119) Guillaume I of Chaumont in 1117.
[20]

Parents
____ Philip (Philippe) I (BEF 23 May 1053 - 29 Jul 1108)
OF HOLLAND Bertha (ABT 1054 - 15 Oct 1094)

Siblings
____ Constance (1078 - 14 Sep 1125)
____ Louis VI "le Gros" ("the Fat") (1 Dec 1081 - 1 Aug 1137)

Marriage To OF MAURIENNE (OF SAVOY) Adelaide (Alix) (ABT 1092 - 18 Nov 1154)
    m. 3 Aug 1115 

Notes

Parents
____ Humbert (Umberto) II "il Grosso" (1065 - 17 Oct 1103)
DE BOURGOGNE Gisela (ABT 1073 - AFT 1133)

Children by OF MAURIENNE (OF SAVOY) Adelaide (Alix) ABT 1092 - 18 Nov 1154
____ Louis VII "the Young" (1119 - 18 Sep 1180)
____ Robert I (1123 - 11 Oct 1185)
____ Peter I (Pierre) (Sep 1126 - 10 Apr 1183)

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