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____ Anna (Onna)
Death: 654 Battle of Bulcamp
Cause of Death: killed in battle
Burial: prob Blythburgh, Suffolk, England
Notes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_East_Anglia
Anna (or Onna; killed 653 or 654) was king of East Anglia from the early 640s until his
death. He was a member of the Wuffingas family, the ruling dynasty of the East
Angles. He was one of the three sons of Eni who ruled the kingdom of East Anglia,
succeeding some time after Ecgric was killed in battle by Penda of Mercia. Anna was
praised by Bede for his devotion to Christianity and was renowned for the saintliness
of his family: his son Jurmin and all his daughters – Seaxburh, Æthelthryth, Æthelburh
and possibly a fourth, Wihtburh – were canonised.
Little is known of Anna's life or his reign, as few records have survived from this
period. In 631 he may have been at Exning, close to the Devil's Dyke. In 645 Cenwalh
of Wessex was driven from his kingdom by Penda and, due to Anna's influence, he
was converted to Christianity while living as an exile at the East Anglian court. Upon
his return from exile, Cenwalh re-established Christianity in his own kingdom and the
people of Wessex then remained firmly Christian.
Around 651 the land around Ely was absorbed into East Anglia, following the marriage
of Anna's daughter Æthelthryth. Anna richly endowed the monastery at
Cnobheresburg. In 651, in the aftermath of an attack by Penda on Cnobheresburg,
Anna was forced to flee into exile, perhaps to the western kingdom of the Magonsæte.
He returned to East Anglia in about 653, but soon afterwards the kingdom was
attacked again by Penda and at the Battle of Bulcamp the East Anglian army, led by
Anna, was defeated by the Mercians, and Anna and his son Jurmin were both killed.
Anna was succeeded by his brother, Æthelhere. Botolph's monastery at Iken may have
been built in commemoration of the king. After Anna's reign, East Anglia seems to
have been eclipsed by its more powerful neighbour, Mercia.
Sources[edit]
The kingdom of East Anglia (Old English: East Engla Rice) was a small independent
Anglo-Saxon kingdom that comprised what are now the English counties of Norfolk
and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Cambridgeshire Fens.[1]
In contrast to the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex, little reliable
evidence about the kingdom of the East Angles has survived, because of the
destruction of its monasteries and the disappearance of the two East Anglian sees
that occurred as the result of Viking raids and settlement.[2] The main primary sources
for information about Anna's life and reign are the Historia ecclesiastica gentis
Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People), completed in Northumbria by
Bede in 731, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, initially written in the ninth century,
which mentions Anna's death. The mediaeval work known as the Liber Eliensis,
written in Ely in the twelfth century, is a source of information about Anna's daughters
Æthelthryth and Seaxburh, and also describes Anna's death and burial.[3]
Early life and marriage[edit]
Anna was the son of Eni, a member of the ruling Wuffingas family, and nephew of
Rædwald, king of the East Angles from 600 to 625.[4] East Anglia was an early and
long-lived Anglo-Saxon kingdom in which a duality of a northern and a southern part
existed, corresponding with the modern English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.[5]
Anna was married: Bede refers to the saint Sæthryth as "daughter of the wife of Anna,
king of the East Angles".[6] In Abbott Folcard's Life of St Botolph, written in the 11th
century, Botolph is described as having been at one time the chaplain to the sisters of
a king, Æthelmund, whose mother was named Sæwara. Folcard names two of
Sæwara's kinsmen as Æthelhere and Æthelwold. Since these are the names of two of
Anna's brothers, Steven Plunkett suggests that it is "tempting" to consider that
Sæwara was married to Anna, and that Æthelmund might either be Anna's full name, or
the name of an otherwise unknown East Anglian sub-king.[7] The Liber Eliensis names
Hereswith, the sister of Hild, abbess of Whitby, as Anna's wife and the mother of
Sæthryth, Seaxburh of Ely and Æthelthryth.[8] However, the Liber Eliensis is regarded
with caution by historians: Rosalind Love says that the mediaeval writers who
interpreted Bede's information about Hereswith made an "erroneous assumption"
regarding her connection with Anna and his family.[4][9] Historians now believe that
Hereswith was Anna's sister-in-law and that around the time that she married into the
East Anglian royal family, Anna had already been king for a decade.[10]
In 631 Anna was probably at the Suffolk village of Exning, an important settlement
with royal connections,[11] and, according to the Liber Eliensis, the birthplace of his
daughter Æthelthryth.[12] By tradition, Æthelthryth is said to have been baptised at
Exning in a pool known as St Mindred's Well.[13] Exning was an important place
strategically, as it stood just on the East Anglian side of the Devil's Dyke, a major
earthwork stretching between the Fen edge and the headwaters of the River Stour,
built at an earlier date to defend the East Anglian region from attack. An early Anglo-
Saxon cemetery discovered there suggests the existence of an important site nearby,
possibly a royal estate or regio.[14]
King of the East Angles[edit]
Accession and rule[edit]
During 632 or 633 Edwin of Northumbria, with his centre of Christian power north of
the River Humber, was overthrown. Edwin was slain and Northumbria was ravaged by
Cadwallon ap Cadfan, supported by the Mercian king, Penda.[15] The Mercians then
turned on the kingdom of the East Angles and their king, Ecgric. At an unknown date
(possibly in the early 640s),[16] they routed the East Anglian army and Ecgric and his
predecessor Sigeberht were both slain.[17] D. P. Kirby has suggested that as
Sigeberht was alive when the Irish monk Fursey left for Gaul and found Erchinoald,
(which happened after Erchinoald became Mayor of the Neustrian palace in 641),
Sigeberht was probably killed around 640 or 641.[18] Penda's victory marked the end
of the line of kings of the East Angles who were directly descended from Rædwald.
[19] Some time after Penda's victory, Anna became king of the East Angles, though
the date of his accession is quite uncertain. The Liber Eliensis says that Anna died in
the nineteenth year of his reign, and since he died in the mid-650s this would indicate
a date around 635.[20] However, the Liber Eliensis is regarded by some historians as
unreliable on this point,[4] and Barbara Yorke suggests a possible date in the early
640s for Anna's accession, noting that it could not have been after 645 as Anna is
recorded as giving refuge to Cenwalh of Wessex in that year.[21][note 1] It is probable
that Anna became king with the assistance of the northern Angles.[24] Throughout his
reign he was the victim of Mercian aggression under Penda, but he also seems to
have challenged the rise of Penda's power.[25] The British medievalist David Dumville
has written that due to their rivalry for control over the Middle Anglian people, Mercia
and East Anglia probably became hereditary enemies and Penda repeatedly attacked
the East Angles from the mid-630s to 654.[26]
Anna arranged an important diplomatic marriage between his daughter Seaxburh and
Eorcenberht of Kent, cementing an alliance between the two kingdoms.[27] It was by
means of marriages such as this that the kings of Kent could become well-connected
to other royal dynasties.[28] Not all of Anna's daughters were married into other royal
families. During the 640s Anna's daughter Æthelburg and his stepdaughter Sæthryth
entered Faremoutiers Abbey in Gaul to live religious lives under abbess Fara.[27] They
were the first royal Anglo-Saxons to become nuns, making religious seclusion "an
acceptable and desirable vocation for ex-queens and royal princesses", according to
Barbara Yorke.[note 2]
D. P. Kirby uses the presence of East Anglian princesses living under the veil in Gaul
as evidence of the Frankish orientation of Anna's kingdom at this time, continued
since the reign of his predecessor Rædwald.[31] The Wuffingas dynasty may have
been connected with monastic foundations in the area around Faramoutiers through
Anna's predecessor Sigeberht, who had spent several years as an exile in Gaul and
had become a devout and learned Christian due to his experiences of monastic life.
[32]
In 641 Oswald of Northumbria was slain in battle by Penda (probably at Oswestry in
Shropshire). Due to his death, Northumbria was split into two. The northern part,
Bernicia, accepted Oswald's brother Oswiu as their new king, but the southern
Deirans refused to accept him and were ruled instead by a king of the original Deiran
house, Oswine.[33] Soon afterwards Cenwalh of Wessex, the brother of Oswald's
widow and himself married to Penda's sister, renounced his wife.[34] In 645, according
to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Penda drove Cenwalh from his kingdom and into exile.
During the following year, while a refugee at Anna's court, he was converted to
Christianity,[35] returning in 648 to rule Wessex as a Christian king.[4] Anna probably
provided military support for Cenwalh's return to his throne.[36]
Anna's hold on the western limits of his kingdom, which bordered on the Fen lands
that surrounded the Isle of Ely, was strengthened by the marriage in 651 (or slightly
later) of his daughter Æthelthryth to Tondberht, a prince of the South Gyrwe, a people
living in the fens who may have been settled in the area around Ely.[21][note 3]
Æthelthryth, accompanied by her minister Owine, travelled from Ely to Northumbria
when she married for the second time, to Ecgfrith.[38]
Exile[edit]
During his reign Anna endowed the monastery at Cnobheresburg with rich buildings
and objects.[39] The monastery was built in about 633 by Fursey after he arrived in
East Anglia. In time, weary of attacks on the kingdom, Fursey left East Anglia for
good, leaving the monastery to his brother Foillan.[17] When in 651 Penda attacked
the monastery, Anna and his men arrived and held the Mercians back. This gave
Foillan and his monks enough time to escape with their books and valuables, but
Penda defeated Anna and drove him into exile, possibly to the kingdom of Merewalh of
the Magonsætan, in western Shropshire.[40] He returned to East Anglia in about 654.
[41]
Death, burial place and successors[edit]
Soon after 653, when Penda made his son Peada the ruler of the Middle Angles (but
still continued to rule his own country),[42] the Mercian assault on East Anglia was
repeated. The opposing armies of Penda and Anna met at Bulcamp, near Blythburgh in
Suffolk. The East Anglians were defeated and many were slain, including King Anna
and his son Jurmin.[17] Anna's death is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the
entry for 653 or 654, "Her Anna cining werð ofslagen ..." – 'Here Anna was killed' –
but no other details of the battle in which he died are given.[43][note 4]
Blythburgh, a mile from Bulcamp and situated near the fordable headwaters of the
Blyth estuary, was afterwards believed to be the location of the tombs of Anna and
Jurmin.[4][38] It is a candidate for a monastic site or a royal regio (estate). According
to Peter Warner, the Latin derivation of part of the nearby place-name 'Bulcamp'
indicates its ancient origins, and mediaeval sources which claim continuous Christian
worship at Blythburgh throughout the Anglo-Saxon period provide circumstantial
evidence of its connections with East Anglian royalty and Christianity.[45] Part of an
8th-century whalebone diptych or writing-tablet, used for liturgical purposes, has been
found near the site.[46]
Saint Botolph began to build his monastery at Icanho, now conclusively identified as
Iken, Suffolk,[47] in the year that Anna was killed, possibly to commemorate the king.
[38] Anna was succeeded in turn by his two brothers Æthelhere and Æthelwold, who
may have ruled jointly.[48] It is possible that Æthelhere was set up as a puppet ruler
by Penda or was his ally, as he was one of the 30 duces that accompanied Penda
when he attacked Oswiu of Northumbria at an unidentified location called the
Winwæd in 655 or 656. Penda himself was killed at the Winwæd, after having steadily
increased his power over a period of 13 years.[49] Æthelhere (who was also slain at
the Battle of the Winwæd) and Æthelwold were succeeded by the descendants of
Anna's youngest brother, Æthelric.[50]
Bede praised Anna's piety in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People,[51] and
modern historians have since regarded Anna as a devout king,[52] but his reputation
as a devoted Christian is mainly because he produced a son and four daughters who
were all made into Anglo-Saxon saints.[53] Five hundred years after his death, his
tomb at Blythburgh was (according to the Liber Eliensis) still "venerated by the pious
devotion of faithful people".[54]
Descendants[edit]
Anna's children were all canonised. The eldest, Seaxburh, was the wife of
Eorcenberht of Kent. She ruled Kent from 664 until her son Ecgberht came of age.
Æthelthryth, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, founded the monastery at Ely in
673. Another daughter, Æthelburh, spent her life at the nunnery of Faremoutiers.
Anna's son, Jurmin, was of warrior age in 653 when he was killed in battle.
By tradition, Anna is said to have had a fourth daughter, Wihtburh, an abbess at
Dereham (or possibly West Dereham), where there was a royal double monastery.[55]
She may never have existed: Bede fails to mention her and she first appears in a
calendar in the late 10th century Bosworth Psalter.[56] She may have been a
character specifically created by the religious community at Ely, where her remains
were supposed to have been taken after being stolen from Dereham[38][57] and
subsequently used as visual proof of the incorruptibility of a saint's body, a substitute
for her sister Æthelthryth, whose body had to remain unexamined in her tomb.[58]
Manuscript F of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which dates from about 1100, mentions
Wihtburh's death when it records that her body was found uncorrupted in 798, 55
years after she died. The resulting date for her death of 743 is too far too late for her
to have been a sister of Æthelthryth, who was born in 636.[59][60]
Parents
____ Eni ()
----- ----- ()
Siblings
____ Anna (Onna) ( - 654)
Marriage To ____ Saewara ()
m.
Notes
Children by ____ Saewara
OF EAST ANGLIA Sexburga (ABT 630 - ABT 699)
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