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Death:           927 

Notes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitric_C%C3%A1ech
Sitric Cáech, also known as Sitric Gále,[nb 1] (Old Norse: Sigtryggr, died 927) was a 
Viking[nb 2] leader who ruled Dublin and then Viking Northumbria in the early 10th 
century. He was a grandson of Ímar and a member of the Uí Ímair. Sitric was most 
probably among those Vikings expelled from Dublin in 902, whereafter he may have 
ruled territory in the eastern Danelaw in England. In 917, he and his kinsman Ragnall 
ua Ímair sailed separate fleets to Ireland where they won several battles against local 
kings. Sitric successfully recaptured Dublin and established himself as king, while 
Ragnall returned to England to become King of Northumbria. In 919, Sitric won a 
victory at the Battle of Islandbridge over a coalition of local Irish kings who aimed to 
expel the Uí Ímair from Ireland. Six Irish kings were killed in the battle, including Niall 
Glúndub, overking of the Northern Uí Néill and High King of Ireland.[nb 3]

In 920 Sitric left Dublin for Northumbria, with his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair succeeding 
him as king. That same year he led a raid on Davenport, Cheshire, perhaps as an act 
of defiance against Edward the Elder, King of the Anglo-Saxons. In 921 Ragnall ua 
Ímair died, with Sitric succeeding him as King of Northumbria. Though there are no 
written accounts of conflict, numismatic evidence suggests there was a Viking 
reconquest of a large part of Mercia in the following few years. An agreement of some 
sort between the Vikings of Northumbria and the Anglo-Saxons was achieved in 926 
when Sitric married a sister of Æthelstan, perhaps Edith of Polesworth. Sitric also 
converted to Christianity, though this did not last long and he soon reverted to 
paganism. He died in 927 and was succeeded by his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair. Sitric's 
son Gofraid later reigned as King of Dublin, his son Aralt as King of Limerick, and his 
son Amlaíb Cuarán as king of both Dublin and Northumbria.


Background[edit]

The ruling Vikings of Dublin were expelled from the city in 902 by a joint force led by 
Máel Finnia mac Flannacán, overking of Brega and Cerball mac Muirecáin, overking of 
Leinster.[4] Those Vikings that survived the capture of the city split into different 
groups; some went to France, some to England, and some to Wales.[5] Archaeological 
evidence suggests Dublin remained occupied in the years immediately following this 
expulsion, perhaps indicating only the ruling elite were forced to leave.[6] However, 
Viking raids on Irish settlements continued, and in 914, a large Viking fleet travelled to 
Waterford.[7] The arrival of this fleet marked the re-establishment of Viking rule over 
parts of Ireland, and was followed by more Vikings settling in Limerick the following 
year.[8]

The main historical sources for this period are the Norse sagas and the Irish annals. 
Some of the annals, such as the Annals of Ulster, are believed to be contemporary 
accounts, whereas the sagas were written down at dates much later than the events 
they describe and are considered far less reliable. A few of the annals such as the 
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland and the Annals of the Four Masters were also complied 
at later dates, in part from more contemporary material and in part from fragments of 
sagas.[9] According to Downham: "apart from these additions [of saga fragments], 
Irish chronicles are considered by scholars to be largely accurate records, albeit 
partisan in their presentation of events".[10]

Biography[edit]


Map of the British Isles in the tenth century 


 The British Isles in the early tenth century
Sitric is presumed to have left Dublin with the rest of the ruling Vikings in 902.[11] 
Coins dating from the period bearing the legend "Sitric Comes" (Earl Sitric), and the 
mintmark "Sceldfor" (Shelford), have been found as part of the Cuerdale Hoard, 
perhaps indicating that he ruled territory in the eastern Danelaw during his exile from 
Ireland.[12] The Anglo-Saxons conquered all of the Danelaw south of the Humber by 
918, but there is no mention of Earl Sitric in English sources, suggesting he was no 
longer ruling there at the time.[13]

The earliest mention of Sitric in the Irish Annals is in 917 when he and Ragnall, 
another grandson of Ímar, are described as leading their fleets to Ireland.[14] Sitric 
sailed his fleet to Cenn Fuait in Leinster, and Ragnall sailed his fleet to Waterford. 
Niall Glúndub, overking of the Northern Uí Néill saw these Vikings as a threat, and he 
marched an army south to repel them. The Vikings fought against the men of the Uí 
Néill at Mag Femen in County Tipperary and claimed victory, though only through 
timely reinforcement by Ragnall and his army.[15] This was followed by another at the 
Battle of Confey (also known as the Battle of Cenn Fuait), against Augaire mac Ailella, 
overking of Leinster, who died in the battle. Augaire's death marked the end of 
effective opposition to the Vikings' return to Ireland. Sitric led his men on a triumphant 
return to Dublin, where he established himself as king, while Ragnall returned to 
England and soon became King of Northumbria.[14]

According to Downham, the departure of Ragnall and his contingent of warriors may 
have emboldened Niall Glúndub to try to expel the Uí Ímair from Ireland once again.
[16] In 919 Niall led a coalition of northern Irish kings south to Dublin. The forces of 
Sitric and Niall met near Islandbridge in modern-day County Dublin (dated 14 
September by the Annals of Ulster).[17] The resulting Battle of Islandbridge was an 
overwhelming victory for Sitric and his forces, with Niall falling in battle alongside one 
of his kinsmen. Five other kings, and a kinsman of the ruler of the Southern Uí Néill 
also died fighting against Sitric's army.[nb 4][16]

In 920 the Annals of Ulster report that Sitric left Dublin "through the power of God". 
Sitric travelled to Northumbria where he assumed the kingship of Northumbria, 
succeeding his kinsman Ragnall who died the following year.[19] Sitric was followed 
as King of Dublin by his brother or cousin Gofraid ua Ímair.[nb 5][11] In 920 Ragnall 
had submitted to Edward the Elder, King of the Anglo-Saxons. That same year, 
following his departure from Dublin, Sitric led a raid in Davenport, Cheshire, in 
violation of the terms of submission agreed between Ragnall and Edward.[20] Smyth 
has suggested that this was an act of defiance by Sitric, indicating to Edward that he 
would not submit to him like Ragnall.[21]

Neither the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle nor Æthelweard's Chronicon makes mention of 
Sitric in the years 921–924, i.e. between his installation as King of Northubmria and 
the death of Edward the Elder.[22] However, there are coins in existence which were 
minted at Lincoln during the period that bear Sitric's name.[23] These are an important 
piece of evidence since they suggest Sitric ruled a large area south of the Humber, a 
claim contradicted by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which says that all the 'Danes' in 
Mercia (i.e. south of the Humber) submitted to Edward in 918.[24] These coins might 
indicate Viking reconquest of a large area in the years 921–924, which if it did happen 
went unremarked upon by the Chronicle. Edward's control of Mercia likely stretched 
the kingdom's resources to breaking point, allowing Sitric to exploit the ill-will towards 
Edward that existed among the populace there, with Edward being unable to 
effectively oppose Sitric. Downham suggests that the silence of the Chronicle might 
be due to Edward's failing power in the latter years of his reign, and its tendency to 
only record successes and not failures. His death in 924 is not recorded by a number 
of important Frankish, Welsh and Irish annals, suggesting a fall in importance and 
standing from the zenith of his power in 920.[22]

Edward the Elder's successor, Æthelstan, met with Sitric at Tamworth in 926.[25] The 
Chronicle does not mention the reason for the meeting, but it reports that an unnamed 
sister of Æthelstan was married to Sitric. Several years previously, in 918, Æthelstan's 
predecessor had used a royal marriage to bring Mercia under Wessex control. 
According to Smyth, the fact the marriage between Sitric and Æthelstan's sister 
occurred at the old Mercian royal centre at Tamworth reinforces the suggestion that 
this marriage was supposed to perform as a similar function to the one in 918.[26] The 
agreement reached at Tamworth seems to have necessitated Sitric's conversion to 
Christianity, though he soon reverted to paganism.[27] Sitric died the following year 
and was succeeded by his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair.[28] The Annals of Ulster 
describe his death:

“ Sitric, grandson of Ímar, king of the dark foreigners and the fair foreigners, died at 
an immature age.[29] ” 

Family[edit]

In the annals Sitric is sometimes identified by the use of one of his epithets, or by the 
use of "ua Ímair", meaning "grandson of Ímar", but never with a patronymic. As such, 
it is not possible to identify which of the three known sons of Ímar (Bárid, Sichfrith or 
Sitriuc) - if any - was the father of Sitric. One possible reason for the lack of a 
patronym might be that Sitric was the child of a son of Ímar who never ruled Dublin, or 
who spent most of his time outside Ireland, thus making Sitric's legitimacy to rule 
Dublin dependent the identity of his grandfather, not his father. Another possibility is 
that Sitric was a grandson of Ímar through a daughter, again with his right to rule 
dependent on his grandfather.[19] Sitric's kinsmen Ímar, Ragnall, Amlaíb and Gofraid 
are the other known grandsons of Ímar identified by the use of "ua Ímair". All except 
for Amlaíb ruled as either King of Dublin or King of Northumbria at one time or 
another.[30]

The Annals of Clonmacnoise mention two sons of Sitric, Auisle and Sichfrith, falling at 
the Battle of Brunanburh in 937.[31] Another son, Aralt, ruled as King of Limerick for 
an unknown length of time until his death in battle in 940. Sitric's son Amlaíb Cuarán 
(d. 981) reigned twice each as King of Dublin and King of Northumbria, and may have 
been the basis of the Middle English romance character Havelok the Dane.[32] 
Gofraid (d. 954) may have been another son though his father his only named as 
"Sitric" so it is not possible to say conclusively he was a son.[33] Orkneyinga saga 
tells that a daughter of Sitric named Gytha was married to Olaf Tryggvason, King of 
Norway. According to Hudson, this is unlikely to be correct, since the marriage is said 
to have occurred sixty-three years after Sitric's death. It is much more likely that Gytha 
was actually a granddaughter of Sitric through his son Amlaíb Cuarán.[34]

Sitric married an unnamed sister of Æthelstan in 926.[25] Historians generally describe 
her as Æthelstan's only full sister, but Maggie Bailey points out that this rests on the 
late testimony of William of Malmesbury, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle makes no 
such distinction when recording her marriage to Sitric.[35] William did not know her 
name, but traditions first recorded at Bury in the early twelfth century identify her as 
Saint Edith of Polesworth. The truth of his identification is debated, but regardless of 
her name but it is likely that she entered a nunnery in widowhood.[36] According to 
some late sources, such as the chronicler John of Wallingford, Amlaíb Cuarán was the 
son of Sitric and this West Saxon princess.[37]

Parents
----- ----- ()
----- ----- ()

Siblings
____ Sitric "Caech" ( -  927)

Marriage To ----- ----- ()
    m. 30 Jan  926 Tamworth, England

Notes


Children by ----- ----- 
SITRICSSON Olaf "Cuaran" (ABT  927 -  981)

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